電力調度安全論文

　　一、國家電力系統管理調度體制概況

　　現(xian)今我國(guo)(guo)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)管理調(diao)度方式(shi)是(shi)統(tong)一(yi)調(diao)度、統(tong)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、分級(ji)管理，而目前在全國(guo)(guo)范圍內都(dou)已經形成了由網(wang)(wang)(wang)局調(diao)度、地區調(diao)度、省級(ji)調(diao)度、縣級(ji)調(diao)度及全國(guo)(guo)調(diao)度所組成的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)調(diao)度方式(shi)。各(ge)級(ji)別的(de)調(diao)度部門都(dou)設(she)置在電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)單位的(de)內部，履行對(dui)于全國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)進行調(diao)度的(de)職(zhi)責。調(diao)度單位的(de)安設(she)與等(deng)級(ji)劃分準則都(dou)是(shi)由國(guo)(guo)家相關法規來予以(yi)規定的(de)。

　　1.1統一電力系統

　　統一的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統主要(yao)指對于(yu)全國(guo)范圍的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統進(jin)行(xing)壟(long)斷(duan)運營。由南方電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)機構與(yu)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)機構兩家國(guo)企對于(yu)全國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)進(jin)行(xing)運作、維護與(yu)建(jian)設。而同(tong)時(shi)，國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)也負責全國(guo)范圍內配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)工作，擁有買賣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)特殊權利，對于(yu)除發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以外的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統售、配、輸等所有環節進(jin)行(xing)壟(long)斷(duan)，是(shi)國(guo)家規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)高度(du)壟(long)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)。

　　1.2統一的調度

　　統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)調(diao)度主要指(zhi)在(zai)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)安全(quan)管理(li)方(fang)面，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)調(diao)度部門對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)網系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)運(yun)作(zuo)(zuo)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)管理(li)與(yu)(yu)調(diao)度。主要包含：對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)運(yun)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)的(de)(de)各種故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)及(ji)問題進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)核查(cha)與(yu)(yu)處(chu)理(li)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)實(shi)時運(yun)作(zuo)(zuo)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)運(yun)作(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)法(fa)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)編排，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)各項(xiang)可(ke)能發生(sheng)的(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)危機(ji)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)以防(fang)止事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)產生(sheng)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)標準(zhun)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)化，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)安全(quan)穩(wen)定(ding)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)審查(cha)與(yu)(yu)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)運(yun)作(zuo)(zuo)規定(ding)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)制定(ding)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)各項(xiang)安全(quan)自動安全(quan)裝置(zhi)及(ji)維(wei)護(hu)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)配備與(yu)(yu)調(diao)整進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)思考(kao)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)各類可(ke)能引起危險的(de)(de)隱患的(de)(de)避免與(yu)(yu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)隔(ge)離，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)可(ke)靠(kao)且統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)專用通(tong)信渠道與(yu)(yu)自動化系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)建立(li)，且需要為(wei)通(tong)信系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)暢通(tong)提供保障(zhang)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)處(chu)理(li)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)化。在(zai)有事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)情(qing)況下，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)構的(de)(de)調(diao)度部門需要行(xing)(xing)(xing)使緊(jin)急情(qing)況下的(de)(de)操控權(quan)利，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)緊(jin)急處(chu)理(li)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)指(zhi)導。而電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)下屬(shu)各部門都需要對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)調(diao)度指(zhi)令進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)實(shi)施，防(fang)止事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步擴(kuo)散，并確保在(zai)短時間內對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)排除，使得(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)恢復正常(chang)的(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。

　　1.3分級管理模式

　　分(fen)(fen)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)管(guan)理(li)模(mo)式主要(yao)(yao)(yao)指(zhi)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)工作實行(xing)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)在電力(li)系統最(zui)高(gao)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)別(bie)(bie)的(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)部(bu)門(men)指(zhi)導下的(de)各級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)別(bie)(bie)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)部(bu)門(men)的(de)分(fen)(fen)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)責任體制。各級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)別(bie)(bie)的(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)部(bu)門(men)在自身的(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)區域內(nei)對于統一調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求進行(xing)貫徹，同時(shi)保證下級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)部(bu)門(men)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)對于上級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)部(bu)門(men)的(de)指(zhi)令保持服從。我國電力(li)系統的(de)統一調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)與分(fen)(fen)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)理(li)模(mo)式是密不(bu)可分(fen)(fen)的(de)結合體。

　　二、電力系統現存的安全隱患及特征

　　2.1電力系(xi)統現存的安(an)全隱患

　　我國的(de)(de)'電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統目前存在的(de)(de)隱患可分(fen)為(wei)三(san)點：其(qi)一(yi)，部(bu)分(fen)電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)(de)構造較為(wei)薄弱(ruo)，安(an)全的(de)(de)穩定性存在比較明顯的(de)(de)不足；其(qi)二，對于電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)(de)駕馭能力(li)需要(yao)進一(yi)步的(de)(de)進行提升；其(qi)三(san)，需要(yao)改(gai)善(shan)故障的(de)(de)緊(jin)急(ji)處理工作，與社會聯(lian)合開(kai)辦的(de)(de)故障聯(lian)合演(yan)習應當更加規范化。

　　2.2電力系(xi)統突發(fa)故(gu)障的特性

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突發故障(zhang)通常(chang)具有(you)(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征，現今對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裝備(bei)(bei)組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)特(te)性(xing)研究相對更多(duo)一(yi)些(xie)，但是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)并不是(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)外(wai)界隔絕開的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)(shi)存在于社會(hui)(hui)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自然(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，所以也必定(ding)會(hui)(hui)受到(dao)周遭環(huan)境(jing)所帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)不僅與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)自身(shen)有(you)(you)關(guan)，也與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)周遭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)及(ji)(ji)自然(ran)(ran)(ran)環(huan)境(jing)有(you)(you)關(guan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突發故障(zhang)就是(shi)(shi)指在固定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域內突發性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)社會(hui)(hui)、國家帶(dai)來(lai)損(sun)失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災難性(xing)事件(jian)，通常(chang)具有(you)(you)以下特(te)點：其(qi)(qi)一(yi)，涉及(ji)(ji)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方面多(duo)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產、輸(shu)出(chu)、分配與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)消費都是(shi)(shi)一(yi)起完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，這其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需要涉及(ji)(ji)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)(ji)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)多(duo)個方面；其(qi)(qi)二，故障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誘因多(duo)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突發故障(zhang)不僅可能來(lai)源于違反電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規章的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作，暴(bao)露在自然(ran)(ran)(ran)環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)還極容易被自然(ran)(ran)(ran)因素損(sun)壞（包(bao)括自然(ran)(ran)(ran)侵蝕、雪災、洪水、地震等(deng)）；其(qi)(qi)三(san)，損(sun)失(shi)度重，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供給涉及(ji)(ji)到(dao)社會(hui)(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)行各(ge)業(ye)，也涉及(ji)(ji)到(dao)人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)產及(ji)(ji)自身(shen)安(an)全(quan)，大面積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間接與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)直接影(ying)響(xiang)是(shi)(shi)無法預計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

　　三、電力系統故障管理的發展歷程

　　3.1經驗為主的應急(ji)處理階段

　　這(zhe)一時期(qi)的應(ying)急故障管理(li)工作(zuo)主要(yao)注重(zhong)應(ying)急的預案體(ti)制與應(ying)急組織體(ti)制的創建。重(zhong)點對于(yu)緊(jin)急的指揮(hui)單位與工作(zuo)單位進行創建。遵照國家有關的規(gui)章對于(yu)緊(jin)急預案進行編制與修訂，并對于(yu)應(ying)急指揮(hui)部門與應(ying)急平(ping)臺等技術支撐系統進行建設。

　　3.2分析為主(zhu)的故障預(yu)防與管理階段

　　這一時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)應急管理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)主要(yao)注(zhu)重對于(yu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)應急保(bao)障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)。不(bu)斷(duan)提升(sheng)危險源的(de)(de)(de)(de)監控管理與突發(fa)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)預(yu)警預(yu)測(ce)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力度(du)，另外也要(yao)注(zhu)重提升(sheng)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)應急情(qing)況(kuang)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)輔助決策能(neng)力及(ji)指揮能(neng)力。3.3智(zhi)能(neng)為主的(de)(de)(de)(de)災(zai)變防(fang)護階段這一時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)應急故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)管理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)注(zhu)重對于(yu)智(zhi)能(neng)技術運用及(ji)主動(dong)防(fang)護能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)。需要(yao)重點加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)工(gong)(gong)程知識數據發(fa)掘技能(neng)與人工(gong)(gong)智(zhi)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運用，達到對于(yu)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)現場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)在線實時(shi)監控，對于(yu)突發(fa)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)警預(yu)測(ce)水準(zhun)進(jin)行提升(sheng)，為事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應急指揮工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)給予(yu)智(zhi)能(neng)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)協助決策措施(shi)。

　　四、結語

　　通(tong)過以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)多方面(mian)探討，并(bing)結合(he)(he)我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)現(xian)狀(zhuang)，從(cong)實際來(lai)看，我(wo)國(guo)應(ying)(ying)當學習國(guo)外調(diao)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨立模式。而以(yi)調(diao)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨立為前提(ti)，我(wo)們還(huan)需(xu)要(yao)對于調(diao)度(du)部(bu)門(men)(men)與(yu)政府部(bu)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)良好(hao)交流合(he)(he)作長(chang)效(xiao)機(ji)制進(jin)行(xing)(xing)完善(shan)(shan)，與(yu)政府的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣象、地(di)震等(deng)主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)以(yi)及應(ying)(ying)急(ji)辦、急(ji)援救部(bu)門(men)(men)、醫院、消(xiao)防(fang)等(deng)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)建立起長(chang)久的(de)(de)(de)(de)互聯(lian)機(ji)制，與(yu)政府部(bu)門(men)(men)定(ding)期(qi)聯(lian)合(he)(he)組織開展(zhan)電力(li)故(gu)障(zhang)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)聯(lian)合(he)(he)演練，通(tong)過政府部(bu)門(men)(men)聯(lian)合(he)(he)資源的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)利用，達到提(ti)升社(she)會(hui)聯(lian)合(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)處理(li)能(neng)力(li)，形成電力(li)故(gu)障(zhang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)“政府主導、電網部(bu)門(men)(men)與(yu)社(she)會(hui)聯(lian)動(dong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)良好(hao)局面(mian)。與(yu)此同時(shi)，需(xu)要(yao)對相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)法規政策進(jin)行(xing)(xing)完善(shan)(shan)，與(yu)電力(li)調(diao)度(du)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)管(guan)(guan)理(li)職(zhi)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)健全，還(huan)要(yao)對于調(diao)度(du)部(bu)門(men)(men)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)處置職(zhi)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)使提(ti)供程(cheng)序、條件與(yu)相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)監督保障(zhang)，以(yi)達到避(bi)免濫用權力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況發生，使得電力(li)調(diao)度(du)部(bu)門(men)(men)能(neng)夠更加規范性地(di)對于應(ying)(ying)急(ji)處置職(zhi)權進(jin)行(xing)(xing)落(luo)實。國(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電力(li)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)是(shi)保證社(she)會(hui)正常與(yu)穩定(ding)運行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)企(qi)業，而這一核(he)心(xin)企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)與(yu)長(chang)久發展(zhan)，則是(shi)需(xu)要(yao)我(wo)們來(lai)提(ti)供保障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

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