1 民俗活動
自(zi)古(gu)至今(jin),端(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)節(jie)(jie)都是中(zhong)國民(min)間一個(ge)十分盛(sheng)行(xing)的(de)隆重節(jie)(jie)日。過端(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)節(jie)(jie),是中(zhong)國人古(gu)往今(jin)來(lai)的(de)傳統習(xi)(xi)慣,由于(yu)地(di)域(yu)廣大,民(min)族眾多,加(jia)上許(xu)多故事傳說,于(yu)是不僅產生(sheng)了(le)眾多相異的(de)節(jie)(jie)名,而且各地(di)也(ye)有(you)(you)著(zhu)不盡相同的(de)習(xi)(xi)俗。《漢(han)書》與《淮南子(zi)》這(zhe)(zhe)兩則文獻,都記載(zai)了(le)古(gu)越(yue)人有(you)(you)"文身象龍(long)"的(de)習(xi)(xi)慣。古(gu)代百越(yue)地(di)區的(de)古(gu)越(yue)族有(you)(you)"斷(duan)發文身像龍(long)子(zi)"的(de)習(xi)(xi)俗,在每年(nian)五(wu)月(yue)五(wu)日陽(yang)(yang)氣端(duan)(duan)始(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)天,用刻上龍(long)紋的(de)舟(zhou)楫載(zai)上角黍等貢(gong)祭品以競渡(du)形式祭祀龍(long)祖,以求(qiu)龍(long)祖的(de)保佑,祁福驅(qu)邪(xie)(xie)。在歷(li)史發展中(zhong),端(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)習(xi)(xi)俗也(ye)注入了(le)夏季(ji)時(shi)令(ling)"祛病防(fang)疫"風尚,夏季(ji)也(ye)是一個(ge)驅(qu)除瘟(wen)疫的(de)季(ji)度,這(zhe)(zhe)一天必不可少的(de)也(ye)有(you)(you)祛病防(fang)疫活(huo)動。根據(ju)陰陽(yang)(yang)術數,農(nong)歷(li)五(wu)月(yue)初五(wu),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陽(yang)(yang)之(zhi)端(duan)(duan),即陽(yang)(yang)盛(sheng)的(de)開始(shi)(shi);農(nong)歷(li)五(wu)月(yue)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)午(wu)(wu)月(yue),午(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陽(yang)(yang),重午(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)至陽(yang)(yang),午(wu)(wu)日太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)行(xing)至中(zhong)天,達(da)到最(zui)高(gao)點,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陽(yang)(yang)盛(sheng)之(zhi)日,陽(yang)(yang)盛(sheng)即陰邪(xie)(xie)弱,這(zhe)(zhe)一天利于(yu)驅(qu)邪(xie)(xie)消晦(hui);五(wu)月(yue)初五(wu)日為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陽(yang)(yang)盛(sheng)驅(qu)百邪(xie)(xie)的(de)吉(ji)祥(xiang)日子(zi),自(zi)古(gu)傳承下來(lai)的(de)很(hen)多端(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)習(xi)(xi)俗都有(you)(you)驅(qu)邪(xie)(xie)及(ji)"祛病防(fang)疫"的(de)內(nei)涵。古(gu)人還把端(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)這(zhe)(zhe)天正好逢(feng)上夏至看作吉(ji)祥(xiang)的(de)年(nian)份,稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)"龍(long)花會",有(you)(you)"千(qian)載(zai)難逢(feng)龍(long)花會"之(zhi)說。
關于端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)節的祝(zhu)福語,大部分(fen)民俗(su)學家(jia)認為,是(shi)(shi)先有(you)端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)節日(ri)(ri)之(zhi)后,才(cai)將(jiang)傳(chuan)說歷史人物紀念附著(zhu)在節日(ri)(ri)上(shang),賦予節日(ri)(ri)以其它(ta)意義,但這些(xie)意義也(ye)(ye)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)節其中(zhong)的一(yi)部分(fen)。端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)節設立初衷就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個歡(huan)樂的日(ri)(ri)子(zi),祝(zhu)"端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)節快樂"才(cai)是(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)統。追根溯源從端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)節的歷史起(qi)源上(shang)看(kan),端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)節自古就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)吃粽子(zi)、賽龍(long)(long)舟的喜慶日(ri)(ri)子(zi),"端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)節快樂"比新造"端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)節安康"更(geng)符合歷史文化內涵(han)。有(you)學者引用唐玄宗《端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)殿宴(yan)君臣》詩的序,其中(zhong)寫到:"嘆節氣之(zhi)循環,美君臣之(zhi)相(xiang)樂",這是(shi)(shi)表明古人也(ye)(ye)在道一(yi)聲"端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)節快樂"。許多(duo)古人的詩詞都描繪了(le)端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)節喜氣洋(yang)洋(yang)的節日(ri)(ri)氣氛。古代(dai)端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)午(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)節時熱鬧的龍(long)(long)舟表演,歡(huan)樂的美食宴(yan)會,都是(shi)(shi)慶賀(he)的直接體現。
從遠古至今,端午節(jie)已在民(min)間(jian)傳(chuan)承(cheng)(cheng)兩千(qian)多年以上。端午節(jie)通過傳(chuan)統(tong)民(min)俗活動展(zhan)演(yan),既能豐富群(qun)眾精神文化生活,又能很好(hao)的傳(chuan)承(cheng)(cheng)和弘(hong)揚傳(chuan)統(tong)文化。端午節(jie)的習(xi)(xi)俗甚多,各(ge)地過法(fa)雖不(bu)盡相(xiang)同,但包粽(zong)子、劃龍船是普(pu)遍習(xi)(xi)俗。