公共行政管理學論文

　　公共(gong)行政管(guan)理(li)多應用系統工程思(si)想和方法(fa)，以減少人(ren)力、物力、財力和時間(jian)的支(zhi)出和浪費，提高行政管(guan)理(li)的效(xiao)能和效(xiao)率。下(xia)面是小(xiao)編想跟大(da)家(jia)分享(xiang)的公共(gong)行政管(guan)理(li)學論文，歡迎(ying)大(da)家(jia)瀏覽。

　　一、新公共行政的興起的歷史背景

　　20世紀六(liu)七十年代(dai)，以美國為代(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西方國家接連出現(xian)一(yi)系(xi)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)、經濟與(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治危(wei)機，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府改革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼聲此起彼伏(fu)，傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)說面臨著嚴峻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)挑戰(zhan)。人們(men)紛紛提(ti)出所(suo)謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)或中(zhong)心理論以取代(dai)就(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論。西方行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)界也開始用全(quan)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視角、全(quan)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理性價值審(shen)視和研究公(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)今天及(ji)未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，從(cong)而引發了(le)(le)新(xin)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)運動，并形成了(le)(le)一(yi)個新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)流派(pai)——新(xin)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)派(pai)。

　　1968年(nian)由沃(wo)爾多發起的(de)，弗雷德(de)里(li)克(ke)森等一批青年(nian)公(gong)(gong)共學者在紐(niu)約(yue)錫拉丘茲大學的(de)明諾布(bu)(bu)魯克(ke)會議(yi)中心召開研(yan)討，會議(yi)采(cai)用新的(de)研(yan)究方法討論(lun)公(gong)(gong)共行(xing)政學的(de)發展趨勢，會議(yi)論(lun)文于(yu)1971年(nian)以《走向一種新公(gong)(gong)共行(xing)政學：明諾布(bu)(bu)魯克(ke)》為書名集結出版(ban)，宣告(gao)了新公(gong)(gong)共行(xing)政學的(de)誕生(sheng)。

　　二、新公共行政的主要觀點

　　公共行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)的(de)(de)基(ji)本思想(xiang)是要(yao)(yao)(yao)以社(she)會公平作為核心(xin)價(jia)值，建(jian)構一(yi)種入(ru)世的(de)(de)、改革(ge)的(de)(de)，具有廣(guang)泛民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)新(xin)公共行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)。它強調公共行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)要(yao)(yao)(yao)以公平、民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為目的(de)(de)與(yu)(yu)理(li)論(lun)基(ji)礎，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張政(zheng)(zheng)治與(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)、事(shi)實與(yu)(yu)價(jia)值關聯，重視人性與(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)倫理(li)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)，倡(chang)導民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)模式及(ji)靈活多樣的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)體制研究(jiu)。其主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)觀點如(ru)下：

　　（一）主張公平與(yu)正(zheng)義是公共行政的核心價值

　　傳統的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)把效率和(he)經濟(ji)(ji)作為(wei)公(gong)共行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)基本原則。所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)效率是利用有(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)源提(ti)供更多(duo)更好的(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務，所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)是指花費更少的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)金保持和(he)提(ti)高服(fu)務的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平。在傳統的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)視野中，經濟(ji)(ji)特別是效率毋(wu)庸(yong)置疑地(di)是公(gong)共行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)出發點和(he)終極目(mu)標。對此新(xin)公(gong)共行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)提(ti)出了不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)看法，他們認為(wei)，“傳統的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)注重效率、經濟(ji)(ji)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)和(he)管(guan)理行為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)協調性(xing)或(huo)許沒(mei)有(you)錯，但傳統的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)管(guan)理往往以(yi)此作為(wei)公(gong)共行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)甚至是惟一目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)，以(yi)致于政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)效率目(mu)標的(de)(de)(de)實現經常以(yi)犧牲社會公(gong)平為(wei)代價，而忽略了社會正義和(he)社會公(gong)平恰是公(gong)共行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。”新(xin)公(gong)共行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)強調，公(gong)共行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)價值在于社會公(gong)平，在于促進公(gong)民社會所(suo)擁有(you)的(de)(de)(de)、以(yi)社會公(gong)平為(wei)核(he)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)基本價值。

　　美國當代(dai)著名政(zheng)治(zhi)哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)家和(he)(he)(he)倫(lun)理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)家約翰羅爾斯“作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)”思想(xiang)中(zhong)認為(wei)(wei)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)觀主要(yao)包(bao)含了(le)兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)：“第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)要(yao)求平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)等(deng)地分配基(ji)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)和(he)(he)(he)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)。第(di)二個(ge)(ge)(ge)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)則(ze)(ze)認為(wei)(wei)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)(he)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)等(deng)(例如財富和(he)(he)(he)權(quan)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)等(deng))只要(yao)其(qi)結(jie)果(guo)能給(gei)每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)人，尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)那(nei)些最少受(shou)(shou)惠(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)成員(yuan)帶來補(bu)償(chang)利(li)益，他(ta)們(men)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”可見，這(zhe)里所(suo)說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)不僅指(zhi)(zhi)法律上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)，而且(qie)指(zhi)(zhi)事實(shi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)、結(jie)果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)，為(wei)(wei)此就需要(yao)對最少受(shou)(shou)惠(hui)者(zhe)予(yu)以必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補(bu)償(chang)，以減少社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)。新(xin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)學(xue)(xue)派(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價值觀所(suo)依據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)羅爾斯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)觀念。對于社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含義(yi)，新(xin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)學(xue)(xue)派(pai)也做出了(le)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解釋，并(bing)將其(qi)視為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，賦予(yu)它(ta)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)核心價值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。正(zheng)(zheng)如弗雷(lei)德里克森(sen)在(zai)《新(xin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)學(xue)(xue)》一(yi)書中(zhong)所(suo)指(zhi)(zhi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：“社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)包(bao)含著對包(bao)括(kuo)組織設計(ji)和(he)(he)(he)管理(li)(li)(li)形態在(zai)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)系列價值取向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇。社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)政(zheng)府提供服務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)等(deng)性；社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)管理(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)在(zai)決策和(he)(he)(he)組織推行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)與(yu)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)；社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)管理(li)(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變革；社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)對公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)要(yao)求作(zuo)出積(ji)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回應(ying)而不是(shi)(shi)(shi)追求行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)組織自身(shen)需要(yao)滿足為(wei)(wei)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)；社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)還(huan)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教學(xue)(xue)與(yu)研究中(zhong)更(geng)注重(zhong)與(yu)其(qi)他(ta)學(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交叉(cha)以實(shi)現對解決相關問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)期待……總之(zhi)，倡導(dao)(dao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)推動(dong)政(zheng)治(zhi)權(quan)力以及(ji)經(jing)濟福利(li)轉向社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)中(zhong)那(nei)些缺乏政(zheng)治(zhi)、經(jing)濟資(zi)源支(zhi)持，處(chu)于劣勢境地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人們(men)。”可見，正(zheng)(zheng)如新(xin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)哈(ha)登特所(suo)說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)樣，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)理(li)(li)(li)論賦予(yu)現代(dai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)以倫(lun)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容，它(ta)將有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)(dao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)官員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，即明確了(le)官員(yuan)及(ji)組織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)應(ying)保障公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民基(ji)本(ben)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)等(deng)自由權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現，更(geng)明確了(le)他(ta)們(men)有責任(ren)和(he)(he)(he)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)最少受(shou)(shou)惠(hui)者(zhe)獲(huo)得公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)服務(wu)(wu)所(suo)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種努力。

　　（二(er)）突破傳統(tong)政治——行政二(er)分法思(si)維框架，倡(chang)導政治與行政的關聯性(xing)

　　自從古德諾將(jiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)——行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)二(er)分法(fa)思(si)想(xiang)加以系(xi)(xi)統(tong)化(hua)、具體化(hua)，并明確(que)提出政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)與政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)或國家表達(da)相關(guan)(guan)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)則(ze)與這(zhe)些(xie)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)相關(guan)(guan)之后(hou)，國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)功能與行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)功能便相對(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別開來。而(er)建(jian)立(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)——行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)二(er)分法(fa)基礎之上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)則(ze)一(yi)直將(jiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)局限于(yu)與政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)截(jie)然(ran)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)立(li)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)領域(yu)，即執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)而(er)不(bu)(bu)是制(zhi)定政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)。對(dui)于(yu)建(jian)立(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)二(er)分法(fa)之上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展狀況，新公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)派(pai)極其(qi)不(bu)(bu)滿，他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)認為(wei)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)把研(yan)(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視角放在(zai)(zai)(zai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)(guan)預(yu)算、人事、組織及大量所(suo)(suo)謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)性(xing)問(wen)題上，使公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)游離于(yu)社(she)會(hui)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)現實之外(wai)，遠遠不(bu)(bu)能解決社(she)會(hui)問(wen)題、處理(li)社(she)會(hui)危(wei)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要。其(qi)次，他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)主(zhu)張用(yong)更(geng)加廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視野、開放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)觀念(nian)來研(yan)(yan)究行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)組織運(yun)作中(zhong)遇到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，即跳出研(yan)(yan)究行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)程序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狹(xia)窄圈子，趨向(xiang)于(yu)相關(guan)(guan)問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)研(yan)(yan)究。最(zui)后(hou)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)還確(que)立(li)了一(yi)套與其(qi)思(si)想(xiang)體系(xi)(xi)相配套的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究方法(fa)。奉行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)價(jia)值中(zhong)立(li)準則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)在(zai)(zai)(zai)第二(er)次世界大戰以后(hou)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響之下(xia)，更(geng)強調價(jia)值與事實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分離，更(geng)加醉心于(yu)運(yun)用(yong)自然(ran)科學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術手段對(dui)錯(cuo)綜復雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)活(huo)動做微觀上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量精確(que)與描述，致(zhi)使公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)成為(wei)一(yi)門與政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)分離的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、以管(guan)理(li)技術和工藝(yi)為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)(xue)，成為(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)獨立(li)于(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)和社(she)會(hui)之外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)人格(ge)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)西(xi)。對(dui)此，新公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)派(pai)認為(wei)，純粹(cui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值中(zhong)立(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)學(xue)(xue)術研(yan)(yan)究中(zhong)根本(ben)不(bu)(bu)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)，因為(wei)每一(yi)個(ge)學(xue)(xue)者都不(bu)(bu)可避免地會(hui)將(jiang)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值觀納入其(qi)學(xue)(xue)術思(si)想(xiang)之中(zhong)。所(suo)(suo)以，新公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)派(pai)推崇(chong)后(hou)邏輯實證(zheng)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)哲學(xue)(xue)流派(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)辨方法(fa)，將(jiang)價(jia)值理(li)論(lun)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)優先考慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位。他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)甚至指出，在(zai)(zai)(zai)實證(zheng)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)分析(xi)方法(fa)與實質價(jia)值不(bu)(bu)可兼得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，寧可重視對(dui)價(jia)值判斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追求(qiu)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)看(kan)來，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)者不(bu)(bu)應(ying)只是學(xue)(xue)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究者，更(geng)應(ying)是改革(ge)社(she)會(hui)、促進(jin)社(she)會(hui)進(jin)步與發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倡導者。

　　（三）主(zhu)張民主(zhu)行政

　　新公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)派不(bu)僅(jin)期(qi)望政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)通(tong)過觀念與行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)轉換(huan)解決社會存在(zai)的(de)(de)尖銳矛盾，更(geng)期(qi)待公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)進入一(yi)個全新的(de)(de)領(ling)域，即(ji)建立(li)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之模型，并主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張通(tong)過行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)改革使民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)得以實現。在(zai)新公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)者看來(lai)，民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)核心在(zai)于尊重人民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)和(he)意愿，實現社會正義與公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)，反(fan)對濫用(yong)權(quan)力與行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)無能(neng)(neng)。民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)要求公(gong)(gong)(gong)眾需(xu)要是行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)系統運(yun)轉的(de)(de)軸心，即(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)眾的(de)(de)權(quan)利或利益(yi)應高于政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)自(zi)身的(de)(de)利益(yi)擴張與滿足。

　　（四）主張構建新(xin)型的政府組織形(xing)態

　　新公(gong)(gong)共行政(zheng)學派認為，因為公(gong)(gong)共行政(zheng)組(zu)織(zhi)是提供公(gong)(gong)共服務的具體(ti)承擔(dan)著(zhu)，所以，公(gong)(gong)共行政(zheng)組(zu)織(zhi)結構(gou)與(yu)功能狀況與(yu)公(gong)(gong)共服務的質量密(mi)度密(mi)切相關。而(er)(er)傳統的官僚(liao)制組(zu)織(zhi)體(ti)制已經造就了(le)一種超穩(wen)定的能力，公(gong)(gong)共行政(zheng)組(zu)織(zhi)結構(gou)也因此趨于呆板、僵硬，使(shi)政(zheng)府失去了(le)必(bi)要的敏(min)感性與(yu)同情心(xin)，正在遠離社(she)會(hui)公(gong)(gong)眾，而(er)(er)這與(yu)激(ji)烈的社(she)會(hui)環境形成巨大的反差，使(shi)公(gong)(gong)共組(zu)織(zhi)無(wu)法對所發生的社(she)會(hui)變化作(zuo)出迅速(su)而(er)(er)有(you)效的反應。

　　三、新公共行政學的歷史地位

　　（一）對傳統公共行(xing)政的挑戰與發展

　　1、主張(zhang)公平(ping)正義的(de)核(he)心價值，重塑現代公共行(xing)政的(de)價值體系

　　傳(chuan)統公(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)政(zheng)把(ba)追求的(de)(de)效(xiao)率與(yu)經濟(ji)作為其(qi)核(he)心價(jia)值，使傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)政(zheng)機(ji)關在(zai)(zai)執行(xing)立法和提(ti)出(chu)計劃時，常(chang)常(chang)以(yi)(yi)犧牲社會的(de)(de)平等來(lai)強(qiang)調效(xiao)率和節約，這(zhe)樣一(yi)來(lai)，與(yu)其(qi)說是在(zai)(zai)照顧一(yi)般利(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)不如(ru)說它是在(zai)(zai)照顧特殊(shu)利(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)，它以(yi)(yi)獻身于(yu)爭(zheng)取公(gong)眾(zhong)福(fu)利(li)(li)(li)(li)和民(min)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)面貌出(chu)現，但實際上卻(que)反其(qi)道而行(xing)之(zhi)。而新(xin)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)政(zheng)學強(qiang)調，公(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)政(zheng)的(de)(de)核(he)心價(jia)值在(zai)(zai)于(yu)社會公(gong)平，推動政(zheng)治(zhi)權(quan)利(li)(li)(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)及經濟(ji)福(fu)利(li)(li)(li)(li)轉向(xiang)社會中(zhong)那些缺乏政(zheng)治(zhi)、經濟(ji)資(zi)源(yuan)支(zhi)持，處于(yu)劣勢境地的(de)(de)人們。

　　2、倡(chang)導政(zheng)治行政(zheng)的(de)關聯性，打破(po)傳統公(gong)共行政(zheng)學的(de)思維框架

　　自從(cong)(cong)古德諾(nuo)將政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)——行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)二分法思想加以系(xi)統(tong)化、具體(ti)化，并(bing)明確提出政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)與政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策或(huo)國家表達相(xiang)(xiang)關，行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)則(ze)與這些政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)執行相(xiang)(xiang)關之后，后續的(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)研究便都(dou)自覺的(de)建立在(zai)此假設(she)基(ji)礎之上(shang)進行相(xiang)(xiang)關的(de)制度設(she)計(ji)與建設(she)，從(cong)(cong)而(er)使(shi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學研究領(ling)域(yu)只能局限在(zai)狹(xia)窄(zhai)的(de)領(ling)域(yu)，并(bing)且也致(zhi)使(shi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學越來越成為(wei)一門與政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)分離的(de)、以管理技(ji)術和工藝為(wei)主的(de)科學。對此，新公(gong)(gong)共(gong)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學大(da)(da)膽的(de)突破傳統(tong)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)思維框架，并(bing)在(zai)理論上(shang)對政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)二分給予否定，倡(chang)導政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)關聯性，從(cong)(cong)而(er)，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)擴(kuo)大(da)(da)了公(gong)(gong)共(gong)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)研究的(de)視野與領(ling)域(yu)。

　　3、對傳統研(yan)究(jiu)領(ling)域與研(yan)究(jiu)方法(fa)的(de)突破(po)與創新

　　對傳統(tong)政(zheng)(zheng)治行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)二分(fen)思維框(kuang)架的(de)(de)突破，也打(da)破了(le)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)學把(ba)研究的(de)(de)視(shi)角放(fang)在行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)關預算、人事、組織及大量所謂的(de)(de)中性問(wen)(wen)題上，從而致使公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)游離于(yu)社(she)(she)會(hui)政(zheng)(zheng)治現實(shi)之外，不(bu)能解決社(she)(she)會(hui)問(wen)(wen)題、處理(li)社(she)(she)會(hui)危機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)窘況。新公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)要(yao)求公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)更多的(de)(de)關注現實(shi)社(she)(she)會(hui)問(wen)(wen)題，更多的(de)(de)重視(shi)與社(she)(she)會(hui)、政(zheng)(zheng)治密切相(xiang)關的(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)策制定與政(zheng)(zheng)策分(fen)析等(deng)問(wen)(wen)題的(de)(de)研究。而以社(she)(she)會(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平為(wei)支(zhi)點的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)學也突破了(le)實(shi)證主義研究模(mo)式，確立了(le)一套(tao)與其思想體制相(xiang)系相(xiang)配套(tao)的(de)(de)研究方法——后邏輯實(shi)證主義。

　　4、挑(tiao)戰傳統(tong)科層組織(zhi)體制，構建(jian)新型(xing)政府組織(zhi)形態

　　新公(gong)共(gong)行政(zheng)也對具有(you)超穩(wen)定能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統(tong)官僚制組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)體制提出(chu)了(le)(le)異議，他們認為公(gong)共(gong)行政(zheng)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)結(jie)構傳統(tong)公(gong)共(gong)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)結(jie)構趨(qu)于呆(dai)板(ban)、僵硬(ying)，這與激烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)環境形成巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)差(cha)，使公(gong)共(gong)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)無法對所發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)變化作出(chu)迅速而有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)應。據此，他們提出(chu)了(le)(le)公(gong)共(gong)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改革并提出(chu)了(le)(le)設計(ji)方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)目(mu)標。

　　（二(er)）對(dui)后續公共(gong)行政發(fa)展(zhan)——新公共(gong)管理的影(ying)響

　　新(xin)(xin)公(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)僅對(dui)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)提出挑(tiao)戰(zhan)與創新(xin)(xin)，其理(li)論觀點(dian)也為(wei)后續公(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)發展提供了新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)思路與研究方(fang)向。20世紀70年代在西(xi)方(fang)等英美國家都對(dui)政(zheng)(zheng)府管(guan)理(li)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)了大規(gui)模的(de)(de)改革，即西(xi)方(fang)盛行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)被人們(men)描述為(wei)一場追求(qiu)3E目(mu)標的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)公(gong)共(gong)管(guan)理(li)運動。而新(xin)(xin)公(gong)共(gong)管(guan)理(li)運動具體實踐體現出的(de)(de)服務化(hua)(hua)、社會化(hua)(hua)、分(fen)權(quan)化(hua)(hua)等基本取向，也都與新(xin)(xin)公(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)有著深(shen)厚的(de)(de)淵源：

　　1、服務(wu)化取向(xiang)與新公(gong)共行政理論

　　服務化(hua)取向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵是顧(gu)(gu)客(ke)(ke)導向，它要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)把公(gong)民(min)視(shi)為消費者(zhe)，根據(ju)顧(gu)(gu)客(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)提(ti)供回應性(xing)服務，通過征求(qiu)(qiu)顧(gu)(gu)客(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服務意(yi)見與(yu)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)來測量和提(ti)高顧(gu)(gu)客(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滿意(yi)程(cheng)度。新公(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)政(zheng)學(xue)派認為，公(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)政(zheng)組織(zhi)結構與(yu)功能狀況與(yu)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量密度密切相關(guan)，傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官僚(liao)制(zhi)組織(zhi)體制(zhi)將自身利益作為擴展(zhan)看成組織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)目標，忽視(shi)其服務對象(xiang)——公(gong)眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)，背離(li)了民(min)主政(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本準則，從而提(ti)出了公(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)政(zheng)組織(zhi)設(she)計方(fang)案應將公(gong)眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)作為組織(zhi)存(cun)在和發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)組織(zhi)改革方(fang)案。由此可見，新公(gong)共(gong)(gong)管理運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服務化(hua)取向很(hen)大程(cheng)度上是立足于新公(gong)共(gong)(gong)行(xing)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顧(gu)(gu)客(ke)(ke)導向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎之上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

　　2、社會化取向與新公共行政理論(lun)

　　社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)化取向(xiang)是(shi)指政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府收縮職(zhi)能(neng)管(guan)理范圍，將一部分(fen)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)服(fu)務與(yu)管(guan)理的(de)(de)權限通過參與(yu)或民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)方式(shi)下放給(gei)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)基本單元即社(she)區、家庭、志愿組織等。對于(yu)當(dang)時的(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)背景(jing)來說我們不否認這(zhe)一措(cuo)施有助(zhu)于(yu)減(jian)少政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府的(de)(de)負擔，緩解(jie)巨大的(de)(de)財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)壓力，但在另一方面也(ye)(ye)是(shi)為(wei)了建(jian)立(li)新型的(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府與(yu)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)關系，促(cu)進公(gong)(gong)民(min)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)培育與(yu)成長，為(wei)實現(xian)真正(zheng)的(de)(de)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)打下基礎。無獨有偶，新公(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)理論追求的(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)平這(zhe)一基本價值取向(xiang)實現(xian)的(de)(de)根(gen)本途徑也(ye)(ye)是(shi)推(tui)行(xing)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，而只有讓社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)眾參與(yu)到(dao)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)事(shi)物(wu)中(zhong)來，才能(neng)實現(xian)真正(zheng)的(de)(de)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)與(yu)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)平。

　　3、分權(quan)化取向與新公共行政理論(lun)

　　新公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)管理運動認為在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)內部(bu)應(ying)當推(tui)行(xing)分(fen)權化管理，通過減(jian)少層級(ji)、內部(bu)授權、分(fen)散決策權等辦法來促(cu)使(shi)行(xing)政效率的(de)提高(gao)。而這(zhe)與(yu)新公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)政強調公(gong)(gong)(gong)務員(yuan)參(can)與(yu)，尋求(qiu)在(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)機構事(shi)務和(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)政策形成過程中所有公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門員(yuan)工的(de)參(can)與(yu)也不謀而合。

　　從(cong)以上分析的(de)種種我們不難看(kan)出新公共行(xing)政在許多方面對(dui)新公共管理(li)都提(ti)供了強有(you)力(li)的(de)理(li)論基(ji)礎。

　　四、總結

　　新(xin)(xin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)管理運(yun)動是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)展史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)里(li)程碑。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現既是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)自身發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)必然結(jie)果也是(shi)60年代(dai)激(ji)蕩的(de)(de)(de)(de)美國社(she)會(hui)在(zai)學(xue)(xue)術(shu)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種回(hui)音，它開(kai)(kai)創了(le)(le)(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)理論(lun)研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)格(ge)局(ju)，標志著(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)開(kai)(kai)始步入(ru)“自覺構建公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)性”的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史階(jie)段。縱觀(guan)新(xin)(xin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本思想內(nei)容和(he)(he)理論(lun)主(zhu)張，在(zai)理論(lun)研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)中它首開(kai)(kai)了(le)(le)(le)質疑(yi)傳統公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)典(dian)范的(de)(de)(de)(de)先河，超越(yue)了(le)(le)(le)實(shi)證主(zhu)義(yi)研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)模式，使(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)不再(zai)局(ju)限于對(dui)制度和(he)(he)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)定向，并且(qie)使(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)學(xue)(xue)免為(wei)淪為(wei)從(cong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治學(xue)(xue)與(yu)管理學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)附(fu)庸；在(zai)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)實(shi)踐(jian)方面，基(ji)于社(she)會(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平原(yuan)則所提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸如減少(shao)層級節制、分權、參(can)與(yu)、民主(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、對(dui)社(she)會(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求做出(chu)積(ji)極(ji)回(hui)應等觀(guan)念(nian)和(he)(he)主(zhu)張均對(dui)美國政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府及(ji)其行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)管理產生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)重(zhong)大影響且(qie)對(dui)后(hou)續的(de)(de)(de)(de)改革也提供(gong)了(le)(le)(le)借鑒與(yu)啟發(fa)。

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