古(gu)代討論(lun)教育理論(lun)的重(zhong)要論(lun)著《中庸》簡介
《中庸(yong)(yong)》的中心(xin)思(si)想是儒學中的中庸(yong)(yong)之道,它的主(zhu)要(yao)內容并(bing)非(fei)現(xian)代(dai)人(ren)所普遍理解的中立、平庸(yong)(yong),其主(zhu)旨在于(yu)修養人(ren)性。下面是小編為大家帶來的《中庸(yong)(yong)》簡介,歡迎閱讀。
《中庸》簡介
《中庸》原是《小(xiao)戴禮記》中的(de)一篇。作者為孔子(zi)后裔子(zi)思(si),后經秦代學者修改(gai)整理(li)。它也是中國(guo)古代討論(lun)教(jiao)育理(li)論(lun)的(de)重要論(lun)著。
《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)》是(shi)被宋(song)(song)代學(xue)人提到突出地位上(shang)來的(de),宋(song)(song)一代探索(suo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)之道(dao)的(de)文章不下百篇(pian),但最早(zao)探索(suo)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)》的(de)并(bing)(bing)非儒生(sheng),而是(shi)卒于宋(song)(song)真宗乾興(xing)元(yuan)年的(de)方(fang)外之士——釋智(zhi)(zhi)圓(yuan)。智(zhi)(zhi)圓(yuan)之后,司(si)馬光則是(shi)宋(song)(song)儒中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)論中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)較早(zao)的(de)一個。后來北宋(song)(song)程(cheng)顥(hao)、程(cheng)頤極力尊崇《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)》。南宋(song)(song)朱熹又作《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)章句》,并(bing)(bing)把《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)》和(he)《大(da)(da)學(xue)》、《論語》、《孟子》并(bing)(bing)列(lie)稱(cheng)為(wei)“四書(shu)”。宋(song)(song)、元(yuan)以后,《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)》成為(wei)學(xue)校官定(ding)的(de)教科書(shu)和(he)科舉考(kao)試的(de)必讀書(shu),對古代教育產生(sheng)了極大(da)(da)的(de)影響。
中(zhong)庸就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)既不善也不惡的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)本性(xing)。從人(ren)性(xing)來講(jiang),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)人(ren)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)本原,人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)根本智慧(hui)本性(xing)。實質上(shang)(shang)用現代文字表述就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)“臨(lin)(lin)界點”,這就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)難以(yi)把握的(de)(de)(de)“中(zhong)庸之道”。人(ren)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)不善也不惡的(de)(de)(de)本性(xing),從臨(lin)(lin)界點向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)道;向(xiang)下(xia)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)非道。向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)善;向(xiang)下(xia)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)惡。
關于《中庸》
子(zi)程子(zi)曰,「不偏(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂中;不易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂庸。」中者(zhe),天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)道(dao)。庸者(zhe),天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定理。此(ci)篇乃孔(kong)門傳授心法,子(zi)思(si)恐其(qi)久而差(cha)也,故筆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)書,以(yi)授孟子(zi)。其(qi)書始言一(yi)理;中散(san)為萬事;末復合為一(yi)理。放之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則彌(mi)六合;卷(juan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則退(tui)藏於(wu)密。其(qi)味無窮。皆(jie)實(shi)學也。善讀者(zhe),玩索而有得焉,則終身(shen)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),有不能盡(jin)者(zhe)矣。
中庸主題思想
中(zhong)(zhong)庸的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心思想是儒學中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)庸之(zhi)(zhi)道,它的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要內容并非現代人(ren)所普遍理(li)解的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)立(li)、平庸,其主(zhu)(zhu)旨在于修養(yang)人(ren)性。其中(zhong)(zhong)包括學習的(de)方式:博(bo)學之(zhi)(zhi),審問之(zhi)(zhi),慎思之(zhi)(zhi),明(ming)辨(bian)之(zhi)(zhi),篤行之(zhi)(zhi)。也(ye)包括儒家做人(ren)的(de)規范如“五達道”(君臣也(ye),父子也(ye),夫婦(fu)也(ye),兄弟也(ye),朋友之(zhi)(zhi)交也(ye))和“三達德”(智、仁、勇)等。中(zhong)(zhong)庸所追求的(de)修養(yang)的(de)最高境界是至誠或(huo)稱至德。
中庸之(zhi)道(dao)的主題思想(xiang)(xiang)是教育人(ren)們(men)自(zi)(zi)覺地進行自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)修養、自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)監(jian)督、自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)教育、自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)完善,把(ba)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)培養成為具有理想(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)格,達到至善、至仁、至誠(cheng)、至道(dao)、至德、至圣、合外內之(zhi)道(dao)的理想(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)物,共創“致(zhi)中和天(tian)地位焉(yan)萬物育焉(yan)”的“太(tai)平(ping)和合”境界。
這一(yi)主題思想(xiang)主要體現在《中庸》第一(yi)章。
“天命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)(wei)(wei)性(xing)(xing)(xing),率性(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)(wei)(wei)道,修道之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)。”言簡意賅地揭示了(le)中(zhong)庸之(zhi)(zhi)道這一主題思想的核心是自我(wo)(wo)管(guan)理。此《中(zhong)庸》之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)不等同于《孟子》之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。“天命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)(wei)(wei)性(xing)(xing)(xing)”是指(zhi)天命(ming)也屬于人性(xing)(xing)(xing);“率性(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)(wei)(wei)道”是說(shuo)要自我(wo)(wo)管(guan)理而不是放(fang)縱本性(xing)(xing)(xing);“修道之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)”是說(shuo)改善自我(wo)(wo)的仁道就是儒(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)(聶文濤談《中(zhong)庸》)。
“道也者,不(bu)可須(xu)臾離也,可離非道也。是故君子戒慎(shen)乎其所不(bu)睹,恐懼乎其所不(bu)聞。莫(mo)見乎遠,莫(mo)顯(xian)乎微(wei)。故君子慎(shen)其獨也。”自(zi)(zi)我(wo)教育(yu)(yu)貫(guan)穿(chuan)于人(ren)(ren)一(yi)生(sheng)之(zhi)中,人(ren)(ren)們一(yi)刻也離不(bu)開自(zi)(zi)我(wo)教育(yu)(yu)。要將自(zi)(zi)我(wo)教育(yu)(yu)貫(guan)穿(chuan)于人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)的全部過程,就(jiu)(jiu)需要有一(yi)種(zhong)強有力(li)的自(zi)(zi)我(wo)約(yue)(yue)束(shu)(shu)、自(zi)(zi)我(wo)監督的精神。這種(zhong)精神就(jiu)(jiu)叫做慎(shen)獨。也就(jiu)(jiu)是說,在自(zi)(zi)己一(yi)人(ren)(ren)獨處的情況下,別人(ren)(ren)看不(bu)到自(zi)(zi)己的行(xing)為、聽不(bu)見自(zi)(zi)己的言語,自(zi)(zi)己也能謹(jin)慎(shen)地(di)進行(xing)內(nei)心的自(zi)(zi)我(wo)反(fan)省、自(zi)(zi)我(wo)約(yue)(yue)束(shu)(shu)、自(zi)(zi)我(wo)監督。
“喜(xi)怒哀樂之(zhi)未(wei)發謂之(zhi)中(zhong),發而皆中(zhong)節謂之(zhi)和(he)。”揭(jie)示了自(zi)我教(jiao)育(yu)、自(zi)我約束、自(zi)我監督的(de)(de)目標。“中(zhong)也者(zhe),天下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)大本也;和(he)也者(zhe),天下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)達(da)道(dao)也。”指(zhi)出了自(zi)我教(jiao)育(yu)目標的(de)(de)重大意(yi)義。“致(zhi)中(zhong)和(he),天地位焉(yan),萬物育(yu)焉(yan)。”是(shi)歌頌(song)達(da)到(dao)自(zi)我教(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)理(li)想目標后(hou)的(de)(de)無量功德,也就是(shi)具(ju)備(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)仁、至(zhi)(zhi)善、至(zhi)(zhi)誠(cheng)、至(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)、至(zhi)(zhi)德、至(zhi)(zhi)圣的(de)(de)品德后(hou)的(de)(de)效應。中(zhong)和(he)是(shi)自(zi)我價值的(de)(de)實現(xian)(xian),致(zhi)中(zhong)和(he)是(shi)社(she)會價值的(de)(de)體現(xian)(xian)。
宋朝臨江黎(li)立武著(zhu)《中(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)分(fen)章》分(fen)析《中(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)》第一章時(shi)也對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)作了極(ji)(ji)高的(de)評價。他(ta)說(shuo):“中(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)之德(de)至(zhi)矣(yi),而其義(yi)微矣(yi)。首章以性、命、道、教,明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)之義(yi);以戒懼(ju)謹(jin)獨,明(ming)執中(zhong)(zhong)之道;以中(zhong)(zhong)和(he),明(ming)體(ti)用之一貫;以位育,明(ming)仁誠之極(ji)(ji)功(gong)。”
朱熹對(dui)這一章也(ye)有極高的(de)評價(jia)。他在(zai)《中庸章句(ju)》中說(shuo):“右第一章。子(zi)思(si)述所傳之(zhi)意(yi)以立言:首明道(dao)之(zhi)本原出于天而不(bu)可(ke)易,其實體備(bei)于己而不(bu)可(ke)離,次言存養省察之(zhi)要,終言圣神功化(hua)之(zhi)極。蓋欲學者于此反求諸身(shen)而自得(de)之(zhi),以去夫外誘之(zhi)私,而充其本然之(zhi)善。楊氏所謂一篇(pian)之(zhi)本要是也(ye)。”
當(dang)然(ran),他(ta)們(men)不可能像我們(men)今(jin)天這樣明(ming)確地(di)指出(chu)中庸(yong)之(zhi)道的(de)主題(ti)思(si)想就是自我修養、自我教育(yu)、自我約束、自我監督、自我完善,以求把自己培養成為(wei)具有(you)理想人(ren)格,達到至(zhi)善、至(zhi)誠、至(zhi)仁(ren)、至(zhi)道、至(zhi)德、至(zhi)圣、合外內之(zhi)道的(de)理想人(ren)物,共創“致中和天地(di)位(wei)焉萬物育(yu)焉”的(de)“太平和合”境界。
中庸理論基礎
中(zhong)庸(yong)之(zhi)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論(lun)基礎是(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。通(tong)常人(ren)(ren)(ren)們講(jiang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從哲學上講(jiang),大都從《孟子》的(de)(de)(de)(de)“盡(jin)(jin)其(qi)心者,知其(qi)性(xing)也;知其(qi)性(xing),則(ze)知天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)矣(yi)(yi)”(《盡(jin)(jin)心》)講(jiang)起,而(er)忽(hu)略中(zhong)庸(yong)之(zhi)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi),更忽(hu)視了天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)實含義(yi)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)實含義(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)于(yu)至(zhi)誠、至(zhi)善(shan)(shan),達(da)(da)(da)到(dao)“致(zhi)中(zhong)和,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)位焉,萬物(wu)育焉”、“唯天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下至(zhi)誠,為(wei)能(neng)盡(jin)(jin)其(qi)性(xing)。能(neng)盡(jin)(jin)其(qi)性(xing)則(ze)能(neng)盡(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)性(xing);能(neng)盡(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)性(xing),則(ze)能(neng)盡(jin)(jin)物(wu)之(zhi)性(xing);能(neng)盡(jin)(jin)物(wu)之(zhi)性(xing),則(ze)可以(yi)贊天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)之(zhi)化(hua)育;可以(yi)贊天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)之(zhi)化(hua)育,則(ze)可以(yi)與(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)參(can)矣(yi)(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)境界(jie)。“與(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)參(can)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。這才是(shi)(shi)(shi)《中(zhong)庸(yong)》天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)實含義(yi)。因而(er)《中(zhong)庸(yong)》始(shi)于(yu)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)之(zhi)謂性(xing),率性(xing)之(zhi)謂道(dao),修(xiu)道(dao)之(zhi)謂教”而(er)終于(yu)“‘上天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)載,無聲無臭。’至(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)”。這就是(shi)(shi)(shi)圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)要(yao)(yao)達(da)(da)(da)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最高境界(jie),這才是(shi)(shi)(shi)真(zhen)(zhen)正意義(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)`天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)善(shan)(shan)良(liang)(liang)(liang)美好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)像善(shan)(shan)良(liang)(liang)(liang)美好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)那樣(yang)(yang)善(shan)(shan)良(liang)(liang)(liang)美好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們自(zi)(zi)覺修(xiu)養所(suo)達(da)(da)(da)到(dao)像美好(hao)(hao)善(shan)(shan)良(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)造(zao)福(fu)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類和自(zi)(zi)然理(li)(li)想境界(jie)。
關于中庸之道
《中(zhong)庸》是(shi)儒家闡述“中(zhong)庸之道(dao)”,并提(ti)出人性修養的教育理論著作。《中(zhong)庸》鄭(zheng)玄注:“中(zhong)庸者,以其記中(zhong)和(he)之為用(yong)也;庸,用(yong)也。孔子之孫子思作之,以昭明(ming)圣祖之德(de)也。”
《中庸(yong)》強調中庸(yong)之(zhi)道(dao)是人們片刻也不(bu)能離開(kai)的,但要實行“中庸(yong)之(zhi)道(dao)”,還(huan)必須尊重天賦的本性(xing),通過后天的學習,《中庸(yong)》所說的“天命之(zhi)謂(wei)性(xing),率性(xing)之(zhi)謂(wei)道(dao),修道(dao)之(zhi)謂(wei)教”。
“天(tian)命之(zhi)(zhi)謂性”,是(shi)說人(ren)性是(shi)由(you)天(tian)賦予的(de)(de)。“率(lv)性之(zhi)(zhi)謂道(dao)(dao)”,是(shi)說循著這種天(tian)性而行(xing)就合(he)于道(dao)(dao),認為人(ren)性是(shi)善的(de)(de)。教(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)作用(yong)就在于治儒家之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),所以說“修道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)謂教(jiao)”。實行(xing)“中庸之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)”既是(shi)率(lv)性問(wen)題,也(ye)是(shi)修道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)問(wen)題,這是(shi)發展(zhan)了(le)孔子(zi)“內省”和曾子(zi)“自省”的(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)思想。
中庸之道就是忠恕之道
《中庸》要人(ren)們貫徹孔門相傳的“忠恕(shu)之(zhi)道”,說:“忠恕(shu)違(wei)道不遠(yuan),施(shi)諸(zhu)己而不愿,亦勿施(shi)于(yu)人(ren)。”正是孔丘“己所不欲,勿施(shi)于(yu)人(ren)”思想的發(fa)揮,要求在處理人(ren)與人(ren)的關系上(shang)合于(yu)“中庸之(zhi)道”。
《中庸(yong)》又提出了(le)有(you)德(de)之人(ren)必須好(hao)“三(san)達(da)德(de)”,實行(xing)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)達(da)道”,才能達(da)到“中庸(yong)”的(de)境界(jie)。所謂“五(wu)(wu)(wu)達(da)道”即“君(jun)(jun)臣也(ye),父(fu)(fu)子也(ye),夫(fu)(fu)婦(fu)也(ye),昆弟也(ye),朋友(you)之交也(ye)”。處(chu)理這五(wu)(wu)(wu)方面關系的(de)準則是(shi):“君(jun)(jun)惠臣忠”、“父(fu)(fu)慈子孝”、“夫(fu)(fu)義婦(fu)順”、“兄友(you)弟恭”、“朋友(you)有(you)信(xin)”。“五(wu)(wu)(wu)達(da)道”的(de)實行(xing),要靠(kao)“三(san)達(da)德(de)”:智、仁、勇。而(er)要做好(hao)“三(san)達(da)德(de)”,達(da)到中庸(yong)的(de)境界(jie),就(jiu)要靠(kao)“誠”。教育的(de)目的(de)就(jiu)是(shi)要人(ren)們(men)努力進(jin)行(xing)主觀心性的(de)養成,以達(da)到“至誠”的(de)境界(jie)。
《中庸》還闡述了學(xue)(xue)習程(cheng)序(xu)(xu),并強(qiang)(qiang)調“擇善(shan)而固執(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)勤奮不(bu)懈精神。它說:“博學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),審問之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),慎思之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),明辨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),篤行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”這是為(wei)學(xue)(xue)必有(you)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。它又(you)說:“有(you)弗(fu)(fu)(fu)學(xue)(xue),學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弗(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)弗(fu)(fu)(fu)措也(ye);有(you)弗(fu)(fu)(fu)問,問之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弗(fu)(fu)(fu)知弗(fu)(fu)(fu)措也(ye);有(you)弗(fu)(fu)(fu)思,思之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弗(fu)(fu)(fu)得弗(fu)(fu)(fu)措也(ye);有(you)弗(fu)(fu)(fu)辨,辨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弗(fu)(fu)(fu)明弗(fu)(fu)(fu)措也(ye);有(you)弗(fu)(fu)(fu)行,行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弗(fu)(fu)(fu)篤弗(fu)(fu)(fu)措也(ye)。人一能(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),己百之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);人十能(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),己千之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。果能(neng)此道矣,雖(sui)愚必明,雖(sui)柔必強(qiang)(qiang)。”在教育上它所提出的(de)為(wei)學(xue)(xue)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)與頑強(qiang)(qiang)的(de)學(xue)(xue)習精神,至(zhi)今仍(reng)有(you)借鑒意義。
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